EPA Studies Food Packaging with Nanoscale Antimicrobials

The use of nanotechnology in food packaging is on the verge of expanding. A particularly active area within this field is the use of antimicrobials—such as nanosilver—on or in food-contact materials. Along with the expansion of the commercialization of these materials, however, is coming the regulation of these products by U.S. regulatory agencies.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates antimicrobials—including nanoscale ingredients—in food-contact articles as food additives under Section 409 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&CA). However, antimicrobials used in food-contact articles also require registration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Product registrations are granted by EPA only after a thorough review of a product's components, the manufacturing process, the intended use(s), potential exposure to humans, and the environment, and an assessment of the risks to health and the environment as a consequence of the pesticide product's use.

Under FIFRA, a pesticide is defined, in part, as "any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest," and includes viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms (except those on or in living humans or animals).

Use of an unregistered pesticide may well result in enforcement action by EPA. For example, in March 2014, EPA issued a Stop Sale, Use, or Removal Order (SSURO) to Pathway Investment Corp., Englewood, NJ, for violation of FIFRA with respect to the sale of plastic food storage containers that contained an unregistered nanosilver pesticide. EPA also issued warning letters to several vendors that had been selling the company's food storage containers through their websites—including Amazon, Sears, and Wal-Mart—directing them not to sell the products.

EPA announced in 2011 that it intended to obtain information on what nanoscale materials were present in pesticide products. Explaining, the agency noted that a number of companies had contacted EPA about obtaining registrations for pesticide products containing nanosilver and there may have been pesticide products that contained nanosilver already in the marketplace. In a June 17, 2011, Federal Register notice, the agency published a couple of possible approaches for obtaining this information, namely:

• Use of section 6(a)(2) of FIFRA to obtain existing information from industry regarding nanoscale materials that may be present in registered pesticides and their potential effects on humans or the environment, and
• Use of data call-in notices under FIFRA section 3(c)(2)(B) to obtain information on nanoscale materials in pesticide products

The 2011 announcement also included a new approach to how EPA would determine on a case-by-case basis whether a nanoscale active or inert ingredient is a "new" active or inert ingredient for purposes of FIFRA and the Pesticide Registration Improvement Act, even when an identical, non-nanoscale form of the nanoscale ingredient is already registered.

This 2011 proposal could have been viewed at least partially as a response to a petition filed in 2008 by the International Center for Technology Assessment (ICTA) and 13 other organizations requesting, among other things, that EPA regulate products containing nanoscale silver products as pesticides, and to assess them as new and different from macro-silver products, because it was never finalized, ICTA brought suit in December 2014, alleging that EPA had failed to respond to its petition. In partial response to that suit, on March 19, 2015, EPA announced that it will use FIFRA and FD&CA to address concerns related to potential toxicity differences between macroscale and nanoscale silver ingredients. However, the Agency refused to commit to any particular enforcement strategy and denied ICTA's request to classify all products containing nanosilver as pesticides, instead wanting to determine such matters on a case-by-case basis.

EPA is currently conducting studies to determine the human and environmental health implications of the most prevalent nanomaterials, including nanosilver. In particular, EPA is researching the fate and transport of nanosilver materials and how they interact with the environment. In the meantime, EPA is relying on existing protocols to regulate nanotechnology-based food contact substances.

This article is reprinted with the permission of Packaging Digest magazine.